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Table Glass in the West Country Home

Table Glass in the West Country Home

Table Glass in the West Country Home

Table Glass in the West Country Home

Table Glass in the West Country Home

Profile image of Hugh B WillmottHugh B Willmott

2015, West Country Households 1500-1700, Allan, J., Alcock, N. & Dawson, D. 2015 (eds), Boydell

This paper examines selected groups of excavated table glass from the three urban centres of Exeter, Pool and Plymouth. By examining the changes in provenance and range of forms present, it is possible to chart the evolving patterns of consumption taking place in the West Country home during the 16th and 17th centuries. As well as growing competition between the emerging European centres of production, innovation in style, technological advances and developing patterns of trade can all be seen to have been directly affecting consumer choices of an emerging middling sort.

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THE SOCIETY FOR POST-MEDIEVAL ARCHAEOLOGY MONOGRAPH 9 WEST COuNTRY HOuSEHOLDS 1500–1700 WEST COuNTRY HOuSEHOLDS 1500–1700 Edited by JOHN ALLAN, NAT ALCOCk and DAVID DAWSON THE BOYDELL PRESS © Contributors and he Society for Post-Medieval Archaeology 2015 All rights reserved. Except as permitted under current legislation no part of this work may be photocopied, stored in a retrieval system, published, performed in public, adapted, broadcast, transmitted, recorded or reproduced in any form or by any means, without the prior permission of the copyright owner Details of previously published titles are available from the Society First published 2015 he Boydell Press, Woodbridge ISBN 978 1 84383 994 1 he Boydell Press is an imprint of Boydell & Brewer Ltd PO Box 9, Woodbridge, Sufolk IP12 3DF, UK and of Boydell & Brewer Inc. 668 Mt Hope Avenue, Rochester, NY 14620–2731, USA website: www.boydellandbrewer.com he publisher has no responsibility for the continued existence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this book, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library his publication is printed on acid-free paper CONTENTS List of Illustrations List of Contributors xxiii List of Abbreviations xxiv Introduction John Allan, Nat Alcock and David Dawson 1 ix I he Form and Development of West Country Houses he Development of the Vernacular House in South-West England, 1500–1700 Nat Alcock 1 9 2 he Transformation of the Building Stock of Exeter, 1450–1700 Richard Parker and John Allan 35 3 he Appearances of Godolphin, Cornwall, c. 1300–c. 1630 John Schofield 69 4 Boiling Furnaces, Smoking Chambers and Malt kilns in West Country Households Peter Brears 99 5 II he Decoration of West Country Houses he Polychrome-Decorated Plank-and-Muntin Screen at Marker’s Cottage, Broadclyst, Devon, and its Context Eddie Sinclair and Isabel Richardson 117 6 he Interior Decoration of an Elizabethan Merchant’s House: the Evidence from 41–2 High Street, Exeter John R.L. Thorp 141 7 Sgraito-Decorated and Painted Plaster on Devon Fireplaces †Ann Adams 155 8 North Devon Relief-Decorated Ceramics in the Household Cynthia Cramp 189 9 he Stained Hangings at Yarde Farm, Malborough, South Devon James Ayres 223 III he Material Culture of West Country Households 10 Culinary Artefacts in West Country Households, 1550–1700: Form, Function and Nomenclature Peter Brears 255 11 he Archaeology of the West Country Bronze Foundries Stuart Blaylock 271 12 Cast Bronze Cooking Pots in England, 1500–1720 Christopher Green 309 13 Table Glass in the West Country Home, c. 1500–1700 Hugh Willmott 321 14 Portuguese Faience in South-West England Tânia Manuel Casimiro 339 15 Dinner on the Ceiling: the 17th-Century Plasterwork at 144 Fore Street, Exeter Peter Brears 357 16 Pots and Texts: understanding Pots in use Oliver kent 367 17 Presenting an Elizabethan Interior: the Reinterpretation of St Nicholas Priory, Exeter kate Osborne and John Allan 401 Index of People and Places 419 Index of Subjects 432 ILLuSTRATIONS PLATES (between pages 216 and 217) I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII Townsend, Stockland, Devon, view from north (photograph, N.W. Alcock) Townsend, Stockland, Devon, smoke-blackened interior of roof showing truss B (photograph, N.W. Alcock) Stud-and-panel partition at the high end of the hall at Owls Castle, Stockland, Devon (photograph, N.W. Alcock) Sanders, Lettaford, North Bovey, Devon. View, with the shippon on the right (photograph, N.W. Alcock) Decorated beams and ceilings. (1) Laurel House, Alhampton, Somerset. (2) Spencecombe, Crediton, Devon (photographs, N.W. Alcock) Moxhayes, Membury, Devon, of 1684: view (N.W. Alcock) Finish details at Moxhayes, Membury, Devon, of 1684. (1) View of interior woodwork. (2) Painted decoration (photographs, N.W. Alcock) Internal panelling of the 17th century. (1) Hunnacott, Bratton Fleming, Devon (c. 1600). (2) underdown, Yarcombe, Devon, dated 1691 (since removed) (photographs, N.W. Alcock) Marker’s Cottage, Broadclyst, Devon: general view of the screen from the parlour following conservation, including replacement of lost planks (photograph, © he National Trust) Marker’s Cottage, Broadclyst, Devon, screen decoration on the parlour side: details of panels 2 and 3 (photographs, E. Sinclair) Marker’s Cottage, Broadclyst, Devon, screen decoration on the hall side (1, drawn by E. Sinclair; 2, © he National Trust) No. 41 High Street, Exeter, irst-loor rear room, fragment of a painting of St George and the Dragon: the Dragon (photograph, J. horp, © Exeter Archaeology) No. 42 High Street, Exeter, second-loor rear room. (1) Rear wall. (2) Headbeam frieze, rear wall. (3) First-loor rear room, rear wall (photographs, J. horp, © Exeter Archaeology) No. 42 High Street, Exeter, second-loor front room, rear wall. (1) General view. (2–3) Cartouches (photographs, J. horp, © Exeter Archaeology) No. 42 High Street, Exeter, second-loor front room: detail of frieze (photograph, J. horp, © Exeter Archaeology) No. 41 High Street, Exeter: Elbeuf tapestry fragment (photograph, D. Garner, © RAMM) Yarde Farm, Malborough, Devon: the hanging from the north-facing wall, photographed ex situ in 2008 (photograph, G. Young, © Exeter Archaeology) x LIST OF ILLuSTRATIONS XVIII Yarde Farm, Malborough, Devon: the hanging from the south-facing wall, photographed ex situ in 2008 (photograph, G. Young, © Exeter Archaeology) XIX St Nicholas Priory, Exeter: the kitchen as reconstructed (photograph, D. Garner, © RAMM) XX Painted small-ield oak panel from 71 High Street, Exeter (photograph, Exeter Archaeology archive) XXI St Nicholas Priory, Exeter: the Parlour as reconstructed (photograph, D. Garner, © RAMM) XXII St Nicholas Priory, Exeter: the Chamber over the Parlour as reconstructed (photograph, D. Garner, © RAMM) FIGuRES 0.1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 South-West England (drawn by T. Ives) Townsend, Stockland, Devon. (1) Early trusses D and B, dated to c. 1260d. (2) Later truss C, dated by typology to c. 1400. (3) Plan and long section (from Alcock & Laithwaite 1973, with amendments) Typical examples of jointed cruck roof trusses. (1) Bury Barton, Lapford, Devon (from Alcock 1966). (2) Clerks, Spaxton, Somerset (photograph, N.W. Alcock) Inserted chamber over the hall at Badlake, West Anstey, Devon (photograph, N.W. Alcock) Internal jetty at Johnson’s Acre, Stocklinch, Somerset (photograph, N.W. Alcock) Wooden windows at Hobhouse, Drewsteignton, Devon. (1) Traceried top lights of the window to the former open hall. (2) Double-light lancet window (photographs, N.W. Alcock) Re-creation of a medieval Devon farm (drawing by Cary Carson, from Alcock 1978) Sanders, Lettaford, North Bovey, Devon. (1) Elevation. (2) Plan (Alcock et al. 1972) Distribution of long-houses in South-West England (listed and mapped by N.W. Alcock; boundaries provided by EDINA ukBORDERS with the support of the ESRC and JISC, using boundary material which is copyright of the Great Britain Historic GIS Project, Portsmouth university) Basclose, Otterton, Devon, a side-chimney house (photograph, Samuel Mather Photography) Alternative stair positions: spiral stair at Lower Lye, Stockland, Devon, and plan and section of Gorvin, Hartland, Devon, with stair turret Two-storey porch at Wrey Manor, Lustleigh, Devon (photograph, N.W. Alcock) View and plan of Dymonds, Sowton, Devon (N.W. Alcock) View and plan of Trevenn, Lamerton, Devon, of c. 1650 (N.W. Alcock) View and plan of Wick Farm, Curry Rivel, Somerset (C. Carson) View and plan of South Town, Sampford Courtenay, Devon (N.W. Alcock) 2 10 10 12 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 21 22 23 24 LIST OF ILLuSTRATIONS 1.16 1.17 xi Moxhayes, Membury, Devon, of 1684: plans (N.W. Alcock) 25 View and plan of Penny Hill Farm, Stockland, Devon, dated 1704 26 (N.W. Alcock) 1.18 Map of Oreston, Plymstock, Devon, in 1754 (from Alcock & Carson 28 2007, 186) 1.19 Two two-room plan cottages: Burt’s Cottage, knole, Somerset, and Staple 29 Cottage, Dartington, Devon (from Alcock & Carson 2007, 24) 1.20 Windows of the 17th century. (1) Woodbeer Court, Plymtree. (2) Lower 30 House, Payhembury (photographs, N.W. Alcock) 2.1 (1) Houses at the centre of High Street, perhaps c. 1860–70 (photograph 36 courtesy of S. Bhanji). (2–3) he front of 225–6 High Street with its rich carving (photographs, Exeter Archaeology) 2.2. Arthur Glennie’s drawing ‘Old Houses in Smythen Street’ showing one 38 side of Butcher Row c. 1827 (courtesy of the DHC) 2.3 Medieval houses in Cathedral Close. (1) he two courtyard houses now 40 forming Nos 8–11 Cathedral Close. (2) Nos 1–2 Catherine Street (photographs, Exeter Archaeology) 2.4 Reconstruction drawings of 38 North Street, viewed from the rear of the 41 property. (1) As built c. 1500. (2) In the late 16th century. (3) In the mid-17th century (drawings by R. Parker from horp 2012, Figs 22, 33 and 47) 2.5 Small medieval houses. (1) No. 16 Edmund Street. (2) Houses at the corner 42 of Fore Street and North Street shortly before demolition in 1880 (Isca Collection, courtesy of Peter homas). (3) No. 11 West Street: details of drawn survey (drawn by J. Allan and J. Dunkley, © Exeter Archaeology) 2.6 Reconstruction drawings of the row of three houses forming the Ship Inn, 44 St Martin’s Lane. Top: primary form c. 1400. Below: the progressively denser buildings (drawn by R. Parker, from Matthews et al. 2012, Figs 11–13) 2.7 he crowded city: view of the Hedgeland model with High Street on the 46 left, and Goldsmith Street and North Street at the centre of the view (courtesy of RAMM) 2.8 Houses built in 1656–60 on the cathedral cloisters. (1) he backs of houses 47 on the west walk (left and centre), with smaller houses between the cathedral buttresses in the north walk undergoing demolition (right) (drawn by Henry Eldridge c. 1818, from a private collection). (2) Two-roomed houses on the north walk (left) and chambers for the poor to the east (right) (engraving by Woolnoth, 1807) 2.9 he row houses of Bradninch Place. (1) Fronts shown in Norden and 48 Norden’s map of Exeter Castle of 1617, © he British Library Board (BL Add. MS 6027 f. 81). (2) Rear elevations, from the Hedgeland model of Exeter of c. 1820 (photograph D. Garner, © RAMM). (3) he OS 1:500 map of 1876 (with later extensions into gardens on their northern sides) 2.10 Reconstruction of a gallery and back-block house: 18 North Street (drawn 50 by R. Parker, © Exeter Archaeology) xii 2.11 2.12. 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16 2.17 2.18 2.19 2.20 2.21 2.22 2.23 2.24 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 LIST OF ILLuSTRATIONS Long section of 18 North Street showing early roof line on the frontage and demolished rear block (drawn by T. Ives, © Exeter Archaeology) Timber-framed party wall between 224 and 225 High Street, showing earlier roof line below later structure (photograph N. Heard, © Exeter Archaeology) (1) Sketch of 1933 showing the 15th- or 16th-century partition in the party wall between 16 and 17 Cathedral Yard (Anon. 1933). (2) Position of the party wall (photograph, J. Allan) Arthur Glennie’s drawing of Goldsmith Street and St Paul’s Church c. 1827 (courtesy of the DHC) No. 198 High Street, recorded during demolition in 1975 (drawn by John horp, © Exeter Archaeology) he rise of 1–5 Cathedral Close. (1) he low medieval range (courtesy of RAMM). (2) Sherwood’s drawing of c. 1625 (courtesy of the DHC). (3) Modern appearance: ive post-medieval houses raised within the fabric of the medieval building (photograph, Exeter Archaeology) Nos 39–47 High Street (photograph, Exeter Archaeology) he development of 44 High Street (drawn by T. Ives, © Exeter Archaeology) (1) Restored appearance of primary form of 46–7 High Street. (2) Long section showing timber framing beside Lamb Alley. (drawn by k. Westcott, © Exeter Archaeology) Reconstruction of the development of 41–7 High Street (drawn by T. Ives, © Exeter Archaeology) Demolished pairs of houses. (1) Nos 19–20 North Street, painted by E. Ashworth, 1889. (2) From John White Abbott’s view of High Street, 1797. (3) In South Street, drawn by G. Townsend. (4) he Chevalier Inn, Fore Street, drawn by R. Brown in 1833. (5) In Waterbeer Street. (6–7) In Billeter Lane and High Street, shown on the Hedgeland model. (1, courtesy of the DEI; 2–4, 6–7, © RAMM; 5, courtesy of Garton king Ltd) Rows of three houses. (1) hree Gables, Cathedral Yard. (2) Nos 119–21 Fore Street (photographs, © Exeter Archaeology) Reconstruction of part of a row of houses in Preston Street (drawn by J. horp, © Exeter Archaeology) Row of suburban houses in Holloway Street, built c. 1660 (courtesy of the DHC) he early 14th-century estate layout (graphic, T. Ives, based on OS 1:10,560 map, 1906) Map showing the position of the new house of c. 1480 and the dislodged garden (graphic, T. Ives) Map showing the outer enclosure, displaced road and privy garden of c. 1520 in relation to earlier phases (graphic, T. Ives) Map showing the north approach, forecourt, suggested deer-course and the raised walk in the park, all c. 1540 (graphic, T. Ives) he little hall in the east range (called the Dining Room) (photograph, Paul Raeside) 51 52 52 53 53 54 55 57 58 59 60 61 62 62 71 74 76 78 80 LIST OF ILLuSTRATIONS xiii he courtyard gate of c. 1575, based on the Roman Doric gate at 82 Collacombe, Lamerton, Devon (photograph, Arthur Tedman, 1911, © Country Life) 3.7 he stable range of c. 1595, possibly designed by Robert Adams 83 (photograph, Paul Raeside) 3.8 he west range after repair in 2004 (photograph, Paul Raeside). 84 3.9 Elevation and cross-sections of the front range as built c. 1630. Measured 87 and drawn by the author. Reduced from 1:100 scale 3.10 Plan of the house at irst loor level, showing work of c. 1630. he footprint 88 of the existing house plotted as broken lines (based on a survey by RCHME) 4.1 Restored drawings of kitchen boiling furnaces. (1) Newton St Loe Castle, 100 Somerset. (2) Dartington Hall, Devon, c. 1388–99. (3) Berry Pomeroy Castle, c. 1610–30 (4) Smoking chamber, Berry Pomeroy Castle, Devon, (drawings, © P. Brears) 4.2 he brewhouse at Buckland Abbey, Devon. (1) Plan (G. Young & 102 B. Moore/J. Reed, © Exeter Archaeology). (2) Reconstruction of the interior (© P. Brears) 4.3 A Devon malting kiln: Yarde Farm, Malborough. (1) View of the ireplace, 108 with ovens to the left and malt kiln to the right. (2) Plan. (3) Section (1, photograph, S.R. Blaylock; 2–3, drawings, J. Allan/T. Ives, © Exeter Archaeology) 4.4 Details of the malting kiln at Yarde Farm, Malborough. (1) View to the 109 rear wall, with window and vault above. (2) he kiln vault, showing the duct to the ireplace chimney (photographs, J. Allan) 4.5 Ware Farm, ugborough. (1) House plan showing location of malt kiln. 110 (2) he vault. (3) Reconstruction of primary form of kiln: the exterior of the kiln, with the kitchen chimney rising behind it. (4) Cross-section and plan of kiln (1–2 from Allan 2005; 3–4 drawn by P. Brears) 5.1. Marker’s Cottage, Broadclyst: view from the north-west, 1989 119 (© he National Trust) 5.2. Marker’s Cottage, Broadclyst: ground plan (© he National Trust) 119 5.3. Marker’s Cottage, Broadclyst: long section through the front range 120 (drawn by Brian Blakeway; © he National Trust) 5.4. Marker’s Cottage, Broadclyst: reconstructions. (1) Late medieval. (2) Early 121 16th century, phase 2 (drawn by Brian Blakeway, © he National Trust) 5.5. Marker’s Cottage, Broadclyst: smoke-blackened roof looking south, 1987 121 (photograph, © he National Trust) 5.6. Marker’s Cottage, Broadclyst: reconstructions. (1) Early 16th century, 122 phase 3. (2) Early 17th century (drawn by Brian Blakeway, © he National Trust) 5.7. Marker’s Cottage, Broadclyst: line drawing of the screen decoration on the 125 parlour side, with numbering of individual panels (drawn by E. Sinclair, © he National Trust) 5.8 Marker’s Cottage, Broadclyst, screen decoration on the parlour side: 126 panel 5 including St Andrew, 1989 (© he National Trust) 3.6 xiv 5.9 LIST OF ILLuSTRATIONS Marker’s Cottage, Broadclyst, parlour side, panel 5. (1–2) he ship beside St Andrew. (3) Creatures below St Andrew (photographs, E. Sinclair) 5.10 (1) Marker’s Cottage, Broadclyst, ?depiction of the Assumption (photograph, E. Sinclair). (2) E.W. Tristram’s restoration drawing of the wall-painting of the Assumption in Exeter Cathedral (courtesy of the Dean and Chapter of Exeter Cathedral) 5.11 Painted decoration on dado panels in the rood screens of south Devon churches. (1) South Pool. (2) Chivelstone (photographs, J. Allan) 6.1 Nos 41–2 High Street, Exeter. (1) Frontage. (2) Rear courtyard in 1976 (photographs, J. horp, © Exeter Archaeology) 6.2 Nos 41–2 High Street, Exeter: plans (graphic, J. horp, © Exeter Archaeology) 6.3 Nos 41–2 High Street, Exeter: composite long section (graphic, J. horp, © Exeter Archaeology) 6.4 No. 41 High Street, Exeter, irst loor, ireplace in front room: side oven above painted false ashlar (photograph, J. horp, © Exeter Archaeology) 6.5 No. 41 High Street, Exeter, irst-loor front room, east wall: body of an elaborately dressed man (graphic, J. horp, © Exeter Archaeology) 6.6 No. 41 High Street, Exeter, irst-loor rear room. (1) Front and west walls. (2) West wall, headbeam frieze (photographs, J. horp, © Exeter Archaeology) 6.7 No. 41 High Street, Exeter, second-loor rear room, east wall (photograph, J. horp, © Exeter Archaeology) 6.8 No. 41 High Street, front attic room: youth with hawk (J. horp, © Exeter Archaeology) 6.9 Nos 41–2 High Street: carved wooden panel (photograph, J. horp, © Exeter Archaeology) 7.1 Distribution of sgraito-decorated ireplaces in Devon and other places mentioned in text (graphic, T. Ives) 7.2 Billany, Dartington: two ireplaces decorated in geometric sgraito, both under plain oak lintels with run-out chamfers. (1) he irst-loor design. (2) Schematic and slightly conjectural restoration drawing of the ground-loor scheme (drawing, Ann Adams) 7.3 West Moore, South Brent: upper-loor gable ireplace; above are a frieze, loral devices and the date 1653 (Ann Adams after a drawing by Robert Waterhouse) 7.4 Middle Moor, Sowton, ground-loor ireplace. (1) General view. (2) Detail of right jamb. (3) Measured drawing. (1–2, photographs, Peter Child, 1971; 3, drawing, courtesy of Trevor Miles and the Devon Archaeological Society) 7.5 Nos 44–6 Magdalen Street, Exeter. (1–2) Ground-loor ireplace with caryatid. (3) First-loor ireplace with chequerboard and stripes. (4) Fireplace jamb with diamond pattern (drawings, John horp 1977, © Exeter Archaeology) 7.6 No. 62 Fore Street, Topsham (photographs, © Exeter Archaeology) 7.7 Middle Moor, Sowton, irst-loor ireplace. (1) General view (photograph, 127 128 132 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 151 156 158 158 159 160 161 162 LIST OF ILLuSTRATIONS 7.8 7.9 7.10 7.11 7.12 7.13 7.14 7.15 7.16 7.17 7.18 7.19 7.20 7.21 7.22 xv Peter Child 1971). (2) Measured drawing, the outer faces restored (drawing courtesy of Trevor Miles and the Devon Archaeological Society) No. 70 Fore Street, Totnes: ireplaces in curved hearths behind high-status 163 carved stone lintels, the styles with vase stops. (1) With well-preserved all-over diagonally halved squares. (2) With all-over diagonally quartered squares (photographs, © Totnes Museum 2007) Brook Manor, Buckfastleigh. (1–2) First-loor chamber, detail and measured 164 reconstruction of the left jamb. (3–5) Second-loor chamber, right jamb, with tulips above a fruiting vine. (photographs 1, 3–5, Donna Cox 2008, 3 slightly enhanced) Nos 44–6 Magdalen Street, Exeter: second-loor ireplace with false ashlar 165 on the jambs (1, 3) and back (2), with diagonally halved squares on the outer wall faces (4). here are suggestions of a curved ‘ireback’ at the centre of the rear wall (drawings, John horp 1977, © Exeter Archaeology) Lower Ridge, Chardstock: irst-loor ireplace (photograph, Peter Child 166 1974) Gulliford, Lympstone: ground-loor ireplace (photographs, © Exeter 167 Archaeology) Chains Road, Sampford Peverell (photograph, Peter Child 1997) 168 Gotham, Tiverton, right jamb of a ground-loor sgraito-decorated 168 ireplace No. 4 he Quay, Dartmouth: the second-loor ireplace. (1) Photograph 169 c. 1982 (from horp 1983, 114, ig. 4; 116, pl. 3b, © Exeter Archaeology). (2) Suggested restored design he Manor House, 63 Wolborough Street, Newton Abbot. Schematic 170 drawing of the back and jambs of an elaborate and well-preserved ireplace Fireplaces in High Street, Plymouth. (1–2) Reconstruction and photograph 171 of irst-loor ireplace at No. 23. (3–4) Back of a second-loor ireplace at No. 21 (1 and 4 based drawings by S.R. Jones; 2–3, photographs, S.R. Jones) No. 49 Wolborough Street, Newton Abbot, an important town house 172 (drawn from a photograph by Robert Waterhouse) Higher Brownsham, Hartland. (1) Fireplace in a irst-loor chamber, 172 showing its relationship to the enriched rib ceiling and ‘Pegasus’ frieze. (2) he probable intended appearance of the design in the jambs No. 21 he Mint, Exeter, part of the former St Nicholas Priory. 173 (1) Ground-loor ireplace. (2) First-loor ireplace (drawings, © Exeter Archaeology) No. 33 St Andrew’s Street, Plymouth. (1) Elaborate sgraito geometric 173 scheme in a irst-loor front parlour (photograph, © Plymouth City Museums & Art Gallery 2007). (2) Measured reconstruction of the remaining three bands No. 21 High Street, Plymouth, irst-loor ireplace. (1) he complete design 174 (drawn by S.R. Jones). (2–3) Fragments surviving in Plymouth City Museums (photographs, John Allan, © Plymouth City Museums & Art Gallery 2007). (4) Details of two tile-like patterns xvi LIST OF ILLuSTRATIONS 7.23 he Strand, Lympstone. (1–2) Floral design on the wall faces. (3) Detail 175 from right wall face 7.24 Honiton Barton, South Molton: irst-loor ireplace. (1) General view. 176 (2) Left side, the design wrapping round the wall face, jamb and part of the back. (3) Detail of the bird/root eating its own fruit, from the right jamb. (4) Measured reconstruction (in natural wool needlepoint) of the entire right-hand design 7.25 Honiton Barton, South Molton. (1) A ground-loor ireplace with part of a 177 painted trompe l’oeil architectural scheme on the wall face. (2) he left jamb of a second ground-loor ireplace with a fragment showing lowers in a vase 7.26 House near Chard, Somerset. (1–2) Fireplace jamb (photographs, Jeremy 178 Sharpe). (3) An early 18th-century Dutch panel of 90 tiles, bordered with scrolls very similar to those in Fig. 7.25 (1) 7.27 Parallels and design sources. (1) Dutch tiles forming a geometric design. 182 (2–3) Early 17th-century Dutch tiles showing lowers in a vase and a tulip. (4) Late 17th-century Barnstaple sgraito-decorated plate, with lowers in a vase. (5–6) Early 18th-century Westerwald stoneware jugs, no. 5 combining applied and incised design, no. 6 with bunches of grapes and trailing stems. (7) Floral motif from a Devon mid-17th-century carved chest panel. (8) Oak storey post from No. 4 he Quay, Dartmouth (1–3, from a private collection; 4, courtesy of the Museum of Barnstaple and North Devon; 8, drawing, John horp, © Exeter Archaeology) 7.28 Manor Farm, Strete: ireplace found in 2010 (photographs, 184 R. Waterhouse) 8.1 he forms of north Devon relief-stamped ceramics. (1–2) Front and back 191 of a tile. (3) Long iredog from Barnstaple (length: c. 420mm). (4) Firedog from Barnstaple. (5) Spit support from Bideford. (photographs, 1–2, Exeter Archaeology; 3, C. Cramp; 4–5, RAMM) 8.2 he restored design of the Appledore ireback (drawn by C. Cramp) 192 8.3 Map showing distribution of relief tiles and hearth furniture from secular 194 sites 8.4 Tile stamps from secular sites: designs k1–vk26. (drawn by C. Cramp) 195 8.5 Tile stamps from secular sites: designs k28–43. (drawn by C. Cramp) 196 8.6 Tile stamps from secular sites: designs k50–58, N1–3. (drawn by 198 C. Cramp) 8.7 Tile stamps from secular sites: designs N4–11. (drawn by C. Cramp) 199 8.8 Map showing most likely towns of origin of relief tile stamps found on 200 secular sites (drawn by C. Cramp) 8.9 Relief tiles reset in hearths. (1) No. 28 South Street, Great Torrington, as 201 relaid after restoration in 1995. (2) No. 77 New Street, Great Torrington. (3) Town Mills, Landkey (reproduced by permission of the North Devon Conservation Society) 8.10 Baker’s hatch, Braunton: stamped plasterwork. (1) General view. 205 (2) Lion stamp. (3) Pot holding a lower (photographs, C. Cramp) 8.11 Spit-supports with design vk23. (1) D6 with the head of a dog, the ears 206 and muzzle broken. (2–3) Sides and base of D9 from Northam. LIST OF ILLuSTRATIONS 8.12 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 9.8 9.9 10.1 xvii (4) Sgraito-decorated iredog/spit-support. (photographs 2–3 courtesy of B. Hughes; 4 reproduced by permission of National Museums Liverpool) Bricks from the chimney breast of No. 172 New Street, Great Torrington 207 (photographs, G. Young, Exeter Archaeology, courtesy of Great Torrington Museum) Yarde Farm, Malborough in the late 19th century (courtesy of 224 Mr C. Browning) Yarde Farm, Malborough: plans of south range (J. Allan/T. Ives, 226 © Exeter Archaeology) Yarde Farm, Malborough, south range: elevation of north wall, showing 228 recent position of hangings and suggested former location (J. Allan/T. Ives, © Exeter Archaeology) Owlpen Manor, Gloucestershire: stained hangings in situ in a irst-loor 229 chamber (photograph, English Heritage, ref. BB85/2853, © Crown copyright, NMR) Donore, Sherborne: fragment now in Sherborne Museum (photograph, 231 J. Ayres) Hounds shown on hangings. (1–3) Yarde (photographs, G. Young, 232 © Exeter Archaeology). (4–5) Donore (photographs, J. Ayres). 6. Jenkyn Place (photograph, courtesy of the Victoria & Albert Museum, London) Buildings shown on hangings. (1) Yarde (photograph, G. Young, 233 © Exeter Archaeology). (2–4) Owlpen (photographs, Derek Parker). 5) Jenkyn Place (photograph, courtesy of the Victoria & Albert Museum, London). (6) Munslow Farm (photograph, J. Ayres). (7) Donore (photograph, J. Ayres) Trees shown on hangings. (1) Yarde (photograph, G. Young, © Exeter 234 Archaeology). (2–3) Owlpen (photographs, Derek Parker). (4) Munslow Farm (photograph, English Heritage). (5) Jenkyn Place (photograph, courtesy of the Victoria & Albert Museum, London) he Lockers, Hemel Hempstead, Hertfordshire: irst-loor chamber 237 (photograph, English Heritage, ref. BB79/5094, © Crown copyright, NMR) West Country culinary artefacts. (1) Early 16th-century ‘crock of earth’, 257 Exeter. (2) Crock of bronze, 15th/16th century, West Country. (3) Earthen posnet, late 16th century, Exeter. (4) Bronze posnet, 16th century, possibly attributable to the Birdall foundry, Exeter. (5) Chafer? of earthenware, 15th/16th century, Exeter. (6) Chafer of bronze, 1670. (7) Chaing dishes for ire, British Library Harleian MS 2027. (8) Chaing dish, earthenware, c. 1660–80, Exeter. (9) Chafer for food, earthenware, Goldsmith Street kiln, Exeter, early 16th century. (10) Chafer for food, bronze, by homas Sturton II, South Petherton, Somerset, 1670. (11) Apple roaster, Woolston, Somerset. (12) Apple roaster, c. 1660–80, Exeter. (13) Earthenware copy of a pastry pie-crust, early 16th century, Exeter. (14) Earthenware pasty base, north Devon. (15) Earthenware pie-crust, Totnes, c. 1600. (16) Earthenware xviii 10.2 10.3 10.4 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 11.7 11.8 11.9 11.10 11.11 11.12 11.13 11.14 11.15 LIST OF ILLuSTRATIONS whitepot dish, mid-17th-century, Exeter, with a woodcut of a whitepot of c. 1660 (© Peter Brears) Pottery ‘crocks’ produced at Goldsmith Street, Exeter, in the early 16th century (photograph, courtesy of RAMM) West Country artefacts related to drinking. (1–3) Earthenware white ale pitchers from Little Petherick Creek, Totnes and Donyatt. (4) Earthenware bucket, Exeter. (5) Coopered bucket, 19th century, south Devon. (6–11) Cups from Exeter: (6) turned wood, c. 1660; (7–8) earthenware, early 16th century and c. 1660; (9–10) stonewares, early 16th-century Cologne and late 16th-century Frechen; (11) wooden cups, depicted in use in ‘he Field of the Cloth of Gold’ (redrawn from Royal Collection, © Peter Brears) Spigot-jug with three bung-holes from Little Petherick Creek, near Padstow, North Cornwall (photograph, D. Dawson, courtesy of the Royal Cornwall Museum) Map of South-West England, showing excavated vessel foundries and other places mentioned in the text (graphic, T. Ives) Location of the ive foundry sites excavated in Exeter, based on Benjamin Donn’s map of Exeter, 1765 An exceptionally large tripod cauldron, now in the Warming Room at Lacock Abbey, Wiltshire (photograph, courtesy of he National Trust) Specimen vessel types: a large cauldron, Butler collection no. 13, by John Fathers I of Montacute (photograph, D. Garner) Specimen vessel types: a ‘posnet’, Butler collection no. 4, possibly by the Birdall foundry of Exeter (photograph, D. Garner) Specimen vessel types: a ‘skillet’ (photograph, D. Garner) he Cowick Street foundry site under excavation in 1984 (photograph, F.M. Griith, 27 May 1984, © Devon County Council) Vertical view of a casting pit in the Cowick Street foundry (photograph, S. Blaylock, © Exeter Archaeology) General view of excavated clay quarrying pits in the Cowick Street foundry (photograph, S. Blaylock, © Exeter Archaeology) Group photograph of a selection of cope mould fragments, illustrating the typical nature of the material from Cowick Street (photograph, G. Young) Conjectural reconstruction drawing of a cauldron mould, based on the mould material from Cowick Street (drawing, S. Blaylock/T. Ives) Two skillet handle moulds from the Cowick Street foundry (photographs, B. Sinclair/G. Young) Line drawings of a selection of skillet handle moulds from the Cowick Street foundry (drawings, S. Morris, © Exeter Archaeology) Detail of catalogue no. 4 of the Butler collection, a ‘posnet’ with an inscribed ‘M’ scratch mark on its shoulder (left); a mould fragment from Cowick Street bearing a similar incised scratch mark (right) (photographs, D. Garner) Complete half-mould for a manilla from Cowick Street alongside a 19th-century manilla from the collections of RAMM, Exeter (photograph, D. Garner) 258 263 264 272 273 276 276 277 277 278 279 280 280 281 283 283 284 286 LIST OF ILLuSTRATIONS 11.16 Selection of moulds from Cowick Street for lat dimpled objects of unknown purpose (photograph, D. Garner) 11.17 General view of the Penningtons’ foundry excavated at Paul Street, Exeter, in 1982 (photograph, B. Sinclair, © Exeter Archaeology) 11.18 Phased plan of the Paul Street foundry (drawing, S. Blaylock/B. Jupp, © Exeter Archaeology) 11.19 he reverberatory furnace excavated at Paul Street in 1982 (photograph, S. Blaylock, © Exeter Archaeology) 11.20 General view of the bell-foundry installation at Paul Street (photograph, B. Sinclair, © Exeter Archaeology) 11.21 he irebox and melting hearth of the reverberatory furnace excavated at Keynsham Abbey, Somerset (photograph, S. Blaylock, by permission of B. Lowe/Keynsham Abbey Archaeological Society) 11.22 Group of leg mould fragments from the Whirligig Lane foundry, Taunton (photographs, S. Blaylock) 11.23 Single fragment of a decorated skillet handle with a vaned pattern from Whirligig Lane, Taunton (photograph, S. Blaylock) 11.24 Reconstruction of a typical Taunton vessel, based on study of the mould fragments (drawing, S. Blaylock/T. Ives) 11.25 Excavations in progress at Lightgate Road, South Petherton in 2004 (photograph, S. Blaylock) 11.26 Mould fragments illustrating the four skillet handle mottoes from the Sturton foundry at Lightgate Road, South Petherton (line drawings, Nicholas Griiths; photographs after Butler & Green 2003, 201) 11.27 (1) Mould fragment and (2) inscribed skillet handle bearing the name of homas Sturton II. (3–4) Mould fragments from an unidentiied motto reading …]ES F[… from Lightgate Road, South Petherton (line drawings, Nicholas Griiths; photograph after Butler & Green 2003, 109) 11.28 he foundry site at 35 East Street, Crediton. (1) Location of the tenement, shown on a 19th-century copy of John Norden’s survey of Crediton of 1598 (Devon Heritage Centre 1660A/Add4/E1). (2) Simpliied site plan showing foundry features. (3) Conjectural reconstruction of a Crediton cauldron mould (scale approximate). (4) A vessel from the Butler collection (cat. no. 172) displaying the distinctive straight upper proile shown by the mould fragments, and thus possibly a product of the Crediton foundry. (1–3, Exeter Archaeology archive; 4, photograph courtesy of he Museum of Somerset) 11.29 Selected contemporary illustrations of cauldrons and skillets in use (not necessarily for typical purposes!). (1) Stained glass roundel in the Burrell Collection showing a cauldron in a ireplace (© CSG CIC Glasgow Museums Collection). (2) Nottingham alabaster panel showing a large cauldron supported on a brandreth. (3) Bench end at Altarnun, Cornwall, showing a man with a cauldron (photograph, S. Blaylock). (4) Misericord at Ripple, Hereford and Worcester (after Laird 1986, ig. 10). (5) Detail from a misericord at St George’s Chapel, Windsor, Berkshire (after Laird 1986, 121). (6) Extract from the Doom painting originally over the chancel xix 286 288 289 290 291 291 293 293 294 295 296 297 299 300 xx 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 12.7 12.8 12.9 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 14.6 15.1 15.2 LIST OF ILLuSTRATIONS arch at Shorthampton. (7) Marginal illumination from the Smithield Decretals, showing a skillet being used as a weapon (!) (BL MS Royal 10 E IV), c. 1340. (8–9) Scenes from the Luttrell Psalter (BL Add. MS 42130, f. 182v, 207, after Backhouse 1989, igs 7, 44), c. 1325–35. (7–9 © he British Library Board) Cauldron with early, globular body form (photograph, C. Green) Posnet with broad, relatively lat base characteristic of 16th- and 17th-century vessels (photograph, C. Green) Skillet with broad, shallow body characteristic of 16th- and early 17th-century examples (photograph, C. Green) Skillet with deep body characteristic of mid- to late 17th- to 19th-century examples (photograph, C. Green) Scratch-marks of founders and foundries (graphic, C. Green) Mark on cauldron resembling merchant’s mark (photograph, C. Green) Examples of unusually large and unusually small skillets (photograph, C. Green) (1–3) Cauldron with date and mark of ownership (photographs, C. Green) Posnet and skillet by John Palmer of Canterbury (photograph, C. Green) Glass from Exeter, Paul Street (1–11) (drawn by Jerneja Willmott) Glass from Exeter, Trichay Street (1–6) and Queen Street (7–11) (drawn by Jerneja Willmott) Glass from Poole, Old Orchard Car Park Pit F40 (1–3) and VI L1 (4–17) (drawn by Jerneja Willmott) Glass from Poole, Old Orchard Car Park Pit F37 (1–8) and Pit F23 (9–13) (drawn by Jerneja Willmott) Glass from Plymouth, Woolster Street (1–6) and Castle Street (7–15) (drawn by Jerneja Willmott) (1) Location of Portuguese faience production centres. (2) Sites where Portuguese faience has been found in southern England (graphic by T. Ives) A Portuguese faience dish with puce and blue decoration (A. Miranda collection) Portuguese faience from Woolster Street, Plymouth. (1) Dish with lace decoration. (2) Dish with Chinese-inspired loral decoration (drawn by T. Casimiro) Portuguese faience from Exeter. (1) Bowl/cup with aranhões from Trichay Street. (2) Dish with spirals from Princesshay (drawn by T. Casimiro, 14.4 (1) after Allan 1984a, 181, no. 2117) Portuguese faience dish with lace decoration from Poole (drawn by T. Casimiro) Portuguese faience from St Nicholas’s Almshouses, Bristol. (1) Bottle with date 1652 and coat of arms. (2) Porringer (drawn by T. Casimiro after Barton 1964, 200, nos 7, 11) No. 144 Fore Street, Exeter: house plan (© Exeter Archaeology). No. 144 Fore Street, Exeter: measured drawing of the ceiling (drawn by J. horp & R. Parker, © Exeter Archaeology) 310 310 312 312 313 314 314 316 317 324 326 328 330 332 340 343 344 346 347 348 358 360 15.3 15.4 15.5 15.6 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 16.6 16.7 16.8 16.9 17.1 17.2 17.3 LIST OF ILLuSTRATIONS xxi No. 144 Fore Street, Exeter: the middle bay of the ceiling (photograph, G. Young, © Exeter Archaeology) No. 144 Fore Street, Exeter: the dishes of the front bay, following restoration of lost elements (photograph, G. Young, © Exeter Archaeology) A sweetmeet banquet shown in F. Massialot’s ‘New Instructions for Confectioners’ in he Court and Country Cook of 1702 Early 18th-century ceiling with reversed text at Penstone Barton, Colebrooke (photograph, J. horp) Small vessels with handles from Goldsmith Street, Exeter (drawings from Allan 1984, igs 97–100, © J. Allan) Wide-mouthed small vessels with handles, St Nicholas’s Almshouses, king Street, Bristol (drawings, O. kent) Small vessels with handles, St Nicholas’s Almshouses, king Street, Bristol (drawings, O. kent) A selection of cups from he Academy of Armory, 1688. From the manuscript drawings except wassell cup which is from the published plate(drawings, O. kent) Pan Mug from he Academy of Armory, 1688 (drawings, O. kent) Cans from he Academy of Armory, 1688. All from the original drawings (drawings, O. kent) Jugs from he Academy of Armory, 1688. All from the original drawings except drinking jug, which is from the published plate (drawings, O. kent) Cruses from he Academy of Armory, 1688. From the original drawings (drawings, O. kent) Pottinger and Porrenger from he Academy of Armory, 1688. From the original drawings (drawings, O. kent) St Nicholas Priory, Exeter: ground-loor plan (T. Ives, © Exeter Archaeology) St Nicholas Priory: imaginative reconstruction showing the operation of the west range c. 1600 (drawn by R. Parker, © Exeter Archaeology) St Nicholas Priory. (1) he parlour ceiling, drawn by J. Crocker (Crocker 1886, pl. xxxviii). (2) Details of the lobby ceiling (photographs, D. Garner, © RAMM) 361 362 364 365 373 374 375 377 381 382 384 386 387 402 404 406 TABLES 9.1 9.2 9.3 12.1 Valuations of stained/painted cloths in Exeter Orphans Court inventories, 1564–1601 (source: Crocker 2007) Locations of 110 stained cloths and 98 painted cloths in Exeter Orphans Court inventories, 1564–1601 (sample: 85 inventories; source: Crocker 2007) Locations of stained and painted cloths in Exeter Orphans Court inventories of less than £50 and more than £1000, 1564–1601 (Crocker 2007) London silversmith’s marks, 1470–1699 (source: Jackson 1989) 240 241 242 317 xxii LIST OF ILLuSTRATIONS 12.2 Mottoes cast on handles of skillets produced at the Fathers and Sturton foundries 13.1 Glass from Paul Street, Exeter 13.2 Glass from Trichay Street 316, Exeter 13.3 Glass from Queen Street 314, Exeter 13.4 Glass from Old Orchard Car Park Pit F40, Poole 13.5 Glass from Old Orchard Car Park VI L1, Poole 13.6 Glass from Old Orchard Car Park Pit F37, Poole 13.7 Glass from Old Orchard Car Park Pit F23, Poole 13.8 Glass from Woolster Street, Plymouth 13.9 Glass from Castle Street, Plymouth 16.1 Ceramic cups in West Country probate inventories, 1581–1700 16.2 Ceramic jugs, cruses and gorges from West Country probate inventories, 1581–1700 16.3 Tableware from the probate inventories of homas Yeo (1675) and William Parker (1690) 17.1 he numbers of pots, pans, etc. recorded in wealthy late 16th-century Exeter merchant households (Brears 2005, based on selected Exeter Orphans Court inventories) 17.2 Brears’ proposed furnishings for the kitchen at St Nicholas Priory (Brears 2005) 318 325 325 327 327 329 329 331 331 333 378 385 390 408 409 he editors, contributors and publishers are grateful to all the institutions and persons listed for permission to reproduce the materials in which they hold copyright. Every efort has been made to trace the copyright holders; apologies are ofered for any omission, and the publishers will be pleased to add any necessary acknowledgement in subsequent editions. CONTRIBuTORS †Ann Adams Nat Alcock Independent scholar John Allan Independent scholar James Ayres Independent scholar Stuart Blaylock Independent scholar Peter Brears Independent scholar Tânia Manuel Casimiro Instituto de Arqueologia e Paleociências da universidade Nova de Lisboa Cynthia Cramp Independent scholar David Dawson Independent scholar Christopher Green School of Archaeology, Geography and Environmental Science, university of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AB, uk Oliver Kent Department of Ceramics, Bristol School of Art, Queens Road, Bristol BS8 1PX Kate Osborne Learning and Skills Oicer, Royal Albert Memorial Museum and Art Gallery (RAMM), Queen Street, Exeter, EX4 3RX Richard Parker Independent scholar Isabel Richardson Independent scholar John Schoield Independent scholar Eddie Sinclair Independent scholar and conservator John R.L. horp Partner, keystone Historic Buildings Consultants, 3 Colleton Crescent, Exeter, EX2 4DG Hugh Willmott Senior Lecturer in European Historical Archaeology, Department of Archaeology, Northgate House, West Street, Sheield, S1 4ET 13 Table Glass in the West Country Home, c. 1500–1700 Hu gh Willmot t his paper examines selected groups of excavated table glass from the three urban centres of Exeter, Poole and Plymouth. By examining the changes in provenance and range of forms present it is possible to chart the evolving patterns of consumption taking place in the West Country home during the 16th and 17th centuries. As well as growing competition between the emerging European centres of production, innovations in style, technological advances and developing patterns of trade can all be seen to have afected directly the consumer choices of the emerging middling sort. I N T RO D u C T I O N he detailed examination of 16th- and 17th-century vessel glass has a relatively short pedigree, and it has only been in the last quarter of a century that a greater appreciation of the range and numbers of vessels used in England has developed. Since relatively few glasses dating to this period have survived in art historical collections, it is only through the study of the growing corpus of excavated archaeological material that is it possible to gain a more sophisticated appreciation of the patterns of consumption of early postmedieval glass. he late Robert Charleston was the pioneer of this process, studying many of the key assemblages excavated in the 1970–80s, and publishing in 1984 English Glass and the Glass Used in England circa 400–1940.1 Although a more detailed survey of the archaeological evidence for glass of this period has been produced more recently,2 this, like Charleston’s book, remains in practice a synthetic work, largely dealing with the individual vessel types in isolation and removed from their contextual background. Despite this growth in the number of specialist reports in recent years, to date there have been no wider regional surveys of archaeological glass. Whilst many specialist studies, such as Courtney’s 2004 report on Acton Court,3 have provided fully contextualized examination of the glass and even contributed to the wider site narrative, this format only really allows for a relatively restricted intra-, rather than inter-, site analysis. Furthermore, geographically the material culture found in the West Country, and glass in particular, has not received the attention that it has in other parts of England. he reasons for this are many and varied, and may be due to the relatively low numbers of researchand developer-led excavations compared with other parts of the country, and the fact that the area is physically removed from some of the national museums and universities where material culture study has traditionally been based. Whatever the case may be, there is 322 WEST COuNTRY HOuSEHOLDS, 1500–1700 no genuine reason for this lack of attention. here are a number of important and large assemblages of glass that equal those from elsewhere, whilst the West Country lends itself both culturally and geographically to a contextualized regional survey. M E D I E VA L V E S S E L G L A S S I N T H E W E S T C O u N T RY Finds of medieval vessel glass are surprisingly few in the West Country. his must, in part, be due to some of the biases already outlined, but nonetheless from the 12th to the 15th century glass genuinely appears not to have been widely used in the region. here are of course notable exceptions, particularly from high-status sites. he late 13th- to early 14th-century enamelled Italian beakers found at Launceston Castle4 and Restormel Castle,5 both in Cornwall, are remarkable and rival those found at any other European site, whilst other vessels such as a near-complete 14th-century jug from Penhallam Manor again suggest there was a desire for high-quality glass amongst the elite.6 However, these examples remain isolated and occasional inds and do not form parts of larger assemblages. Vessel glass is also found, as might be expected, on ecclesiastical sites, but again in relatively small quantities. Christchurch Priory is typical, the only tablewares being fragments from a late 13th/14th-century prunted beaker and a 15th-century ribbed and enamelled beaker, both Italian in origin, as well as a portion of a hanging lamp.7 Whilst such tablewares are typical of those found on monastic sites, this assemblage is very small when compared to those found elsewhere in the country, such as at Battle Abbey.8 he one place where medieval vessels have been found in larger numbers is Exeter, and during excavations at Goldsmith Street in particular. Here fragments of 13th- and 14th-century stemmed goblets and optic-blown beakers made in a domestically produced potash glass have been identiied, as well as larger numbers of lasks, urinals and fragments of distillation equipment.9 A 13th-century Italian bowl with coloured prunts is also present at Goldsmith Street, but this is one of the few certain imports. Indeed Charleston noted that ‘the Exeter inds do not include perhaps the most spectacular glasses’ such as those found at Southampton, Winchester, Nottingham or London.10 herefore, the evidence for glass use in the West Country prior 1500 is scarce when compared with other parts of England. Finds of high-quality imported glass are known, but these are unusual objects and likely to represent individual personal possessions of the wealthy. It is more surprising that domestically produced utilitarian wares are also relatively uncommon outside a major town such as Exeter. he likely reason for this is the distance of these markets from the medieval centres of glass production in the Surrey/Sussex Weald and Stafordshire, perhaps making the trade in glass uneconomic. However, this situation changed dramatically during the following century and a half, when vessel glass became a common feature in the West Country home. G L A S S F RO M T H R E E W E S T C O u N T RY TOW N S his study concentrates on the West Country’s principal assemblages – those found in Exeter, Poole and Plymouth; the fact that all three are ports is not coincidental. During the period in question, glass is almost entirely absent from ordinary domestic 323 TABLE GLASS IN THE WEST COuNTRY HOME rural contexts. For example, of the 1,816 fragments recovered from the Shapwick parish survey, only seven vessels dating to between 1500 and 1670 could be identiied, and these all came from contexts relating to the manorial complex.11 In this respect the West Country is no diferent from the rest of England. For example, at Wharram Percy the only properly stratiied 16th- or 17th-century glass came from the North Manor and the Vicarage on the South Glebe.12 Glass of this period from castles and other high-status locations is surprisingly rare. Sites such as Berry Pomeroy Castle have produced occasional imported vessels,13 but not in suicient numbers to contribute to a contextualized regional survey. he exception, of course, is Acton Court, where excavations revealed a large assemblage primarily dating to the mid-16th century.14 As well as domestically produced utilitarian wares and some early Low Countries imports, the site produced the largest group of imported Italian inewares to have been found outside Southampton and London. However, this material is not considered in this paper, partly because it has already received expert study and discussion, but also because it is unlike any other assemblage found in the West Country – perhaps, as has been suggested by the excavators, because most of it represents a single commission to celebrate the visit of the king in 1535.15 Almost all the larger assemblages of 16th- and 17th-century glass found in the west come from towns, and especially those on the coast – an interesting distribution which is discussed below. One surprising exception, given its size and importance, is Bristol. To date, very little glass has been excavated there, a situation that must result from post-war development and excavation policies rather than relecting a contemporary absence of glass use. Indeed, where glass has been found in small quantities, as at Narrow Quay16 and St Nicholas’s Almshouses, king Street,17 it hints that people in Bristol had access not only to domestically produced utilitarian glass and inewares, but also to imported goods, just as they did elsewhere. In total, nine assemblages from Exeter, Poole and Plymouth are examined for the purpose of this survey. Given that this represents a minimum number count of 230 vessels, it is not feasible to catalogue and discuss each individually, nor is it necessary to do so, as all but one of the groups are published. Instead, each assemblage is broadly outlined, representative vessels illustrated and the essential characteristics (such as proportions of diferent types of vessels and their origins) quantiied. Furthermore, this study concentrates primarily on the tablewares rather than the other utilitarian vessels, because glass tablewares were much more responsive to changing contemporary fashions and therefore show more variation, both chronologically and stylistically. Consequently, by combining these approaches it is possible to outline the range of vessels used in the West Country household, review how this changed through time and consider the reasons behind the consumer choices relected in the archaeological record. EXETER he importance of Exeter in any survey of material culture from the West Country is obvious, given its role as an international port and regional centre. It has already been noted that the city has produced the region’s most important assemblages of medieval vessel glass, and it is no surprise that there are a number of important assemblages of 16th- and 17th-century glass too. 324 WEST COuNTRY HOuSEHOLDS, 1500–1700 Fig. 13.1 Glass from Exeter, Paul Street (1–11). Scale 1:2. 325 TABLE GLASS IN THE WEST COuNTRY HOME Paul Street (Fig. 13.1 (1–11)) An unpublished excavation of a pit at Paul Street18 recovered a large assemblage of both window and vessel glass, deposited in a single action at the very beginning of the 16th century. Five of these vessels are imported tablewares: a French pedestal goblet (Fig. 13.1 (1)) and beaker (Fig. 13.1 (2)), a portion of an Italian or possibly French ribbed and enamelled goblet (Fig. 13.1 (3)), a ine Italian tumbler or miolo (Fig. 13.1 (4)) and a ribbed Italian lask or inghistera. However, the vast majority of the assemblage (around 49 vessels) consists of poorer-quality potash glass containers which were probably all produced domestically, although some imports from northern Europe cannot be ruled out. he vessels represented include pedestal lasks (Fig. 13.1 (6–7)), jars (Fig. 13.1 (8)), globular lasks (Fig. 13.1 (9–10)) and urinals (Fig. 13.1 (11)). Table 13.1 Glass from Paul Street, Exeter Type Goblets Beakers Containers No. 2 2 50 % of total 4% 4% 92% % imported 100% 100% 2% % domestic 0% 0% 98% Origin of imported glass France France & Italy Italy Trichay Street 316 (Fig. 13.2 (1–6)) Excavation of Trichay Street feature 316 produced an assemblage of glass that has a suggested date of deposition in the mid-17th century. However, as has been noted with the ceramics from the same context, most of the glass is rather earlier and produced in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. he glass was published by Charleston in his wider stylistic review of glass in Exeter.19 here is an interesting variety of tablewares. Two are early 17th-century English goblets (Fig. 13.2 (1–2)), produced by Sir Robert Mansell at his Broad Street factory in London. Of similar origin might be the base from a poorerquality pedestal beaker (Fig. 13.2 (6)). he three other tablewares are all apparently Low Country imports. Two (Fig. 13.2 (3–4)) are later 16th-century goblet bowls decorated with alternating vetro a ili and retorti marvered trailing, originally an Italian style, but one that came to typify Antwerp production. Possibly slightly later is a cylindrical beaker decorated with blue and white vetro a ili, a style characteristic of Amsterdam production in the early 17th century. However, the majority of the assemblage still consisted of potash glass containers, lasks, a case bottle and a urinal, which are all almost certainly English products. Table 13.2 Glass from Trichay Street 316, Exeter Type Goblets Beakers Containers No. 4 2 11 % of total 24% 12% 64% % imported 50% 50% 0% % domestic 50% 50% 91% Origin of imported glass Low Countries Low Countries – 326 WEST COuNTRY HOuSEHOLDS, 1500–1700 Fig. 13.2 Glass from Exeter, Trichay Street (1–6) and Queen Street (7–11). Scale 1:2. 327 TABLE GLASS IN THE WEST COuNTRY HOME Queen Street 314 (Fig. 13.2 (7–11)) Deposition of this smaller assemblage was dated by the associated ceramics and pipes to c. 1600. he glass was published by Charleston in his wider stylistic review of glass in Exeter.20 Half the assemblage consists of tablewares, and with the exception of two potash-rich pedestal beakers (Fig. 13.2 (11)) these are imported vessels. Two fragments (Fig. 13.2 (7–8)) are from good-quality goblets, and although they are relatively undiagnostic, the quality of the glass suggests a Low Countries origin. he inal tablewares are two beakers, the irst a typical Low Countries trailed example from either Middelburg or Antwerp (Fig. 13.2 (10)), the second a pedestal vessel decorated with white vetro a ili trailing, probably from Antwerp, although this style was also produced in Italy. he remaining half of the assemblage consists of potash globular lasks and a hexagonal bottle. Table 13.3 Glass from Queen Street 314, Exeter Type Goblets Beakers Containers No. 2 4 6 % of total 17% 33% 50% % imported 100% 75% 0% % domestic 100% 25% 100% Origin of imported glass Low Countries Low Countries, Italy? – POOLE Poole, like Exeter, was a signiicant commercial centre in the early modern period, and excavations have demonstrated its importance at this time through the diversity of the material culture used there. In particular, excavations in the area of the Old Orchard Car Park uncovered a large number of rich pits and other contexts containing large quantities of ceramics and glass. All these glass assemblages were published by Charleston in his wider review of glass in Poole.21 Old Orchard Car Park Pit F40 (Fig. 13.3 (1–3)) Although this pit, whose ill dates to the period c. 1520–50, only produced a small number of vessels, it is a very interesting assemblage. Portions of ive diferent, but very similar, pedestal beakers were found. hree of them (Fig. 13.3 (1–3)) have enamelled inscriptions running beneath their rims in the form of opaque white lettering bound by blue bands with white dots. his style is typical of French glass production of the irst half of the 16th century, although such inds are rare in England, and it is interesting to note that in addition to these ive examples two others were found in diferent pits at Old Orchard Car Park. Table 13.4 Glass from Old Orchard Car Park Pit F40, Poole Type Goblets Beakers Containers No. 0 5 0 % of total 0% 100% 0% % imported 0% 100% 0% % domestic 0% 0% 0% Origin of imported glass – France – 328 WEST COuNTRY HOuSEHOLDS, 1500–1700 Fig. 13.3 Glass from Poole, Old Orchard Car Park Pit F40 (1–3) and VI L1 (4–17). Scale 1:2. 329 TABLE GLASS IN THE WEST COuNTRY HOME Old Orchard Car Park VI L1 (Fig. 13.3 (4–17)) his late 16th-century group consists primarily of tablewares from a number of diferent sources. At least two stemmed goblets (Fig. 13.3 (4–5)) are probably English, whilst fragments from four pedestal goblets (including Fig. 13.3 (6) decorated with optic-blown hexagons and Fig. 13.3 (7) decorated with white thread trailing) are almost certainly French imports. Another pedestal beaker decorated with marvered opaque white trails (Fig. 13.3 (8)) is slightly earlier in date and probably an Italian import, whilst the remaining two pedestal goblets are English in origin (Fig. 13.3 (10, 13)). Beakers are more numerous, with pedestal varieties dominating, and whilst two of these might be French (Fig. 13.3 (17)), at least ive are English (Fig. 13.3 (15–16)). he remaining beakers are cylindrical and with the exception of Fig. 13.3 (14) are probably all imports from the Low Countries, with Antwerp being the likely origin (Fig. 13.3 (11–12)). Only ive containers are present; these are typical English lasks or bottles. Table 13.5 Glass from Old Orchard Car Park VI L1, Poole Type Goblets Beakers Containers No. 8 14 5 % of total 30% 51% 19% % imported 50% 64% 0% % domestic 50% 36% 100% Origin of imported glass France, Italy Low Countries, France – Old Orchard Car Park Pit F37 (Fig. 13.4 (1–8)) his large pit was long-lived, with ceramics spanning the 17th–19th centuries. However, the clay pipes show that there was a peak of deposition in the middle of the 17th century, the period of the glass assemblage. Interestingly, almost all the glass comes from tablewares and, with the exception of a single pedestal stem goblet (Fig. 13.4 (6)), all are imported. here are six goblets; four are knop-stemmed with bucket- or trumpetshaped bowls (Fig. 13.4 (1–4)) and the ifth has coloured serpentine stem (Fig. 13.4 (5)). Such glasses are usually thought to be Italian imports because the form was repeatedly illustrated in glass orders sent between 1667 and 1672 by the London merchant John Greene to the Venetian supplier Allesio Morelli. However, it is also clear that other centres, in the Low Countries in particular, were manufacturing this style of glass and it is interesting to note that Fig. 13.4 (4) has an applied decorative raspberry prunt, a typical Flemish rather than Italian addition. he two beakers in this group are also Low Country imports, being a footed ring beaker (Fig. 13.4 (7)) and a squat tumbler with an opaque white prunt foot (Fig. 13.4 (8)). Only one fragment from a container, an English-made square jar, was found. Table 13.6 Glass from Old Orchard Car Park Pit F37, Poole Type Goblets Beakers Containers No. 6 2 1 % of total 67% 22% 11% % imported 80% 100% 0% % domestic 20% 0% 100% Origin of imported glass Low Countries, maybe Italy Low Countries – 330 WEST COuNTRY HOuSEHOLDS, 1500–1700 Fig. 13.4 Glass from Poole, Old Orchard Car Park Pit F37 (1–8) and Pit F23 (9–13). Scale 1:2. 331 TABLE GLASS IN THE WEST COuNTRY HOME Old Orchard Car Park Pit F23 (Fig. 13.4 (9–13)) his pit, dating to the very early 17th century, also contained a small assemblage of both domestic and imported glass. here are two pedestal goblets – one English (Fig. 13.4 (9)) and one of probable French origin (Fig. 13.4 (10)). he two beakers recovered are both imported; Fig. 13.4 (11) is a pedestal foot which although undecorated probably came from an enamelled glass, and Fig. 13.4 (12) is an unusual barrel-shaped beaker from the Low Countries, decorated with training and raspberry prunts. Two containers are also present, and whilst one is an ordinary English bottle, the other is a high-quality imported lask, also decorated with a raspberry prunt. Table 13.7 Glass from Old Orchard Car Park Pit F23, Poole Type Goblets Beakers Containers No. 2 2 2 % of total 33% 33% 33% % imported 50% 100% 50% % domestic 50% 0% 50% Origin of imported glass France France, Low Countries Low Countries P LY M O u T H Two signiicant assemblages of early post-medieval glass have been excavated from Plymouth. unfortunately the nature of their excavation and subsequent treatment has resulted in the loss of almost all their signiicant contextual background. Given this, the two groups do not add signiicantly to a more detailed study of glass consumption in the West Country. However, it is clear from the surviving glasses that households in Plymouth were also consuming considerable quantities of glass, and this material was coming from similar sources to those supplying Exeter and Poole. herefore, whilst accurate quantiication and statistical comparisons are not possible, a brief examination of these inds is worthwhile. he entire collection has been examined stylistically and published in a discursive report.22 Woolster Street (Fig. 13.5 (1–6)) he glass recovered from excavations at Woolster Street dates almost entirely from the early to mid-17th century. Tablewares make up the majority of the assemblage, although there are a few typical English-produced containers. he drinking vessels include English pedestal and cylindrical beakers (Fig. 13.5 (5–6)), and at least one mid-17th-century knopped stem goblet that might be Italian or Flemish (Fig. 13.5 (4)). Beakers of Germanic origin are, however, also represented: there are fragments from at least two prunted waldglas beakers (Fig. 13.5 (2–3)) and a tall octagonal and trailed pedestal beaker or pasglas (Fig. 13.5 (1)). Table 13.8 Glass from Woolster Street, Plymouth Type Goblets Beakers Containers No. 6 10 3 % of total n/a n/a n/a % imported yes yes no % domestic yes yes yes Origin of imported glass Low Countries? Low Countries, Germany – 332 WEST COuNTRY HOuSEHOLDS, 1500–1700 Fig. 13.5 Glass from Plymouth, Woolster Street (1–6) and Castle Street (7–15). Scale 1:2. 333 TABLE GLASS IN THE WEST COuNTRY HOME Castle Street (Fig. 13.5 (7–15)) he assemblage recovered from excavations at Castle Street, consisting of a minimum of 83 vessels, is by far the largest of its kind to have been found in the West Country to date because it represents town rubbish, originally derived from many households; its composition, however, is not very diferent from that of other assemblages included in the survey. Almost all the glass dates to the irst half of the 17th century, and around half the vessels are ordinary English-made lasks, bottles and jars. he tablewares include domestically produced knop-stemmed goblets (Fig. 13.5 (7)) and pedestal beakers (Fig. 13.5 (12–14)). However, there are also a large number of imported items, almost all of which appear to have come from the Low Countries. hese include a serpentine stem (Fig. 13.5 (8)) and cylindrical beakers decorated with optic blowing, trailing or a combination of the two (Fig. 13.5 (9–11)). A mid-17th-century opaque white bowl decorated with coloured blobs was also recovered (Fig. 13.5 (15)). Table 13.9 Glass from Castle Street, Plymouth Type Goblets Beakers Containers No. 3 41 39 % of total n/a n/a n/a % imported yes yes no % domestic yes yes yes Origin of imported glass Low Countries Low Countries – C O N S u M P T I O N , T R A D E A N D P RO D u C T I O N Sixteenth-century consumption and sources of imported glass he nine assemblages of glass outlined in this paper provide a detailed and revealing insight into the glass consumed in the West Country home. As already noted, glass use during the later medieval period was relatively restricted; there are only a few inds of high-quality tablewares, and even utilitarian glass lasks and urinals are less common than in central or eastern England. his situation seems to continue into the early postmedieval period, when inds of early 16th-century glass are also relatively uncommon. Where they do occur, as at Paul Street, Exeter, or Old Orchard Car Park, Poole, the overall numbers of tablewares are few and all of these are imported. Whilst the Paul Street assemblage is larger than the medieval group found at Goldsmith Street, it shares many characteristics. he majority of the vessels found at both sites are simple lasks, jars and urinals; indeed, if it were not for the presence of the tablewares the Paul Street assemblage could easily have been dated stylistically to the 13th or 14th centuries. he source of these early 16th-century imported tablewares is of particular interest. Traditionally, Venice has been seen as the main supplier of high-quality vessel glass at this time, but it is now clear that other north Italian centres such as Altare were also supplying the wider European market. Furthermore, whilst some Italian imports are indeed present in this sample, such as the miolo and inghesterea from Paul Street (Fig. 13.1 (4–5)), the predominant supplier to the West Country at this time was France. his is not surprising given the geographical proximity of ports such as Rouen. Furthermore, whilst France is often noted as an important exporter of window glass, mainly produced in Burgundy and Normandy,23 high-quality vessel glass was also increasingly 334 WEST COuNTRY HOuSEHOLDS, 1500–1700 made there. As early as 1443 the Italian glassmaker Ferro was recorded as entering the service of René d’Anjou in Provence, and by the early 16th century Italian glassmakers were established in the towns of Saint-Germaine-en-Laye, Nevers, Lyon and Paris.24 It is therefore logical that France was a more important supplier of high-quality glass to the West Country than Italy, particularly given the absence of the Venetian mercantile communities that were based in Southampton and London at this time. he emerging impact of production in the Low Countries and London Over the course of the 16th century, several changes to the patterns of glass consumption can be observed. here are increasing numbers of assemblages of glass dating to the late 16th and early 17th centuries, and these groups contain larger numbers of high-quality tablewares. his rising demand for ine table glass was clearly stimulated by the establishment of new high-quality industries in both the Low Countries and London, the products of which are visible in all the West Country assemblages of this date. Although there is some indirect evidence that the production of poor-quality forest glass may have taken place in limited quantities in the Low Countries during the late Middle Ages, it was not until the 16th century that a better-quality Venetian-style industry was established. he irst reference to this comes in 1537 when foreign glassmakers were noted in Antwerp, and in 1549 Jean de Lame from Cremona was granted a monopoly to produce Venetian-style glasses there. By 1581 operations had spread to Middelburg, and in 1597 the irst furnace was built in Amsterdam.25 he establishment of a ineware industry in England is also well documented, with the glassmaker Jean Carré, a native of Arras who had learned his craft in Antwerp, establishing a furnace at Crutched Friars in London during 1567. With his premature death in 1572 the operation was taken over by the Venetian-born Giacomo Verzelini, who secured a 21-year monopoly to produce drinking glasses in the Venetian style. his he operated successfully until his retirement in 1592, when the industry was managed rather less efectively by a number of Englishmen until it was monopolized by Sir Robert Mansell in 1616, after which output increased dramatically.26 he establishment of these new centres of production had a signiicant and immediate impact on the range of glass available to West Country households. his change is typiied by the assemblage from Trichay Street, Exeter (Fig. 13.2 (1–6)), where, instead of French or Italian goblets and beakers, plain-stemmed English goblets are found side-byside with elaborate vetro a retorti and ili wares from Antwerp. In this respect the assemblages from Exeter, Poole and Plymouth are no diferent from those found in any other English town at the time. However, there is a signiicant diference in the proportions found; in almost all these assemblages imported Flemish wares signiicantly outnumber their English counterparts, a situation hardly found anywhere else in the country, with the notable exception of Norwich.27 It is particularly interesting to compare these archaeological inds with contemporary documentation, namely the Exeter customs records of the early 16th century and from the 1560s onwards the Port Book series, both summarized by Allan.28 hese records, though only partial and for only one of the towns in this study, do conirm the patterns seen archaeologically. During the irst half of the 16th century references to imports of glass are often restricted to windows, although vessels are mentioned amongst the goods 335 TABLE GLASS IN THE WEST COuNTRY HOME of some ships coming from Normandy, and by the second half of the 16th century Rouen appears to be the main source of imported vessels, although glasses are also listed as arriving from Bordeaux.29 Perhaps more signiicantly, the last decades of the 16th century saw a signiicant rise in the number of shipments arriving from London. Whilst some, or even most, of these consignments were probably redistributing foreign goods, they must also have been carrying the products from the newly established industry in the capital which began to appear in West Country assemblages at this time. During the irst half of the 17th century Allan notes that nearly all recorded cargoes of glass arriving at Exeter came from London.30 In part this must be a direct result of Mansell’s monopoly over production in England, but it also signals the decline in imported French glasses in favour of those from the new production centres in the Low Countries which appear to have entered the country via London. Domestic production in the West Country Given the growing demand for glass in the region, and with Sir Robert Mansell constantly seeking to exploit his monopoly for vessel glass manufacture more efectively throughout England, it is no surprise that there were attempts early in the 17th century to establish a furnace in the West Country. It was a region which had no tradition of earlier glassmaking. In 1617 Mansell concluded an agreement with Sir William Clavell licensing him to produce vessel glass at kimmeridge Bay for sale only in Dorset, Wiltshire, Hampshire, Devon and Cornwall.31 he reasons for the location of a furnace on Clavell’s estate were the rich deposits of oil shale that it was hoped could be used as efective fuel, and a large pier that would allow vessels to dock to allow the transport of inished goods. A furnace was successfully constructed, but from the outset there were problems with the venture. Clavell failed to pay his rent to Mansell and this was followed by a number of oicial complaints that he broke his agreement and began selling his glass in London. Eventually matters deteriorated to the point that Mansell petitioned the Privy Council to close the furnace, which it duly did in 1623.32 he reason why this enterprise was not successful is not entirely clear, but it is apparent that one of the principal problems was that there was not suicient demand for its products, which caused Clavell to try to sell the glass outside the limits of his licence. his seems a little surprising given that a single furnace had the monopoly to supply not only the whole of the South-West, but Hampshire too. But perhaps the reason for the lack success was the quality of the product. Just two years after the furnace closed, John Crase of Puddletown described the output of the furnace as being ‘only green glass and of very small value’.33 his was further conirmed by excavations on the site of the works in 1980–1, which showed that whilst the furnace did produce a range of tablewares as well as utilitarian containers, all were in a heavily green-tinted glass, possibly as a result of using the oil shale as fuel.34 If this was indeed the case, it shows that by the 17th century, whilst the households of the West Country were probably still content to have poorer-quality domestically produced bottles and lasks for everyday use, they expected better-quality wares on their tables. 336 WEST COuNTRY HOuSEHOLDS, 1500–1700 C O N C Lu S I O N : G L A S S u S E I N T H E H O M E A F T E R 1 650 here is no doubt that the onset of the Civil War in the 1640s had a serious efect on patterns of glass consumption in the West Country, just as it did elsewhere in England, and there appears to have been a hiatus in inds of vessel glass during the third quarter of the 17th century in Exeter, Poole and Plymouth. his was caused by the efective cessation of domestic ineware production from 1642 onwards, coupled with an apparent change in taste away from glass tablewares.35 However, this was not to last long, as Allan has demonstrated in his study of the Exeter Foreign Port Books. Although in 1666 no imports of Flemish glass were recorded arriving in Exeter, during the 1670s and 1680s there was a massive rise in the trade, peaking at over 20,000 vessels in 1683.36 Exeter was not alone in this renewed desire for glass; in London the merchant John Greene ordered over 30,000 glasses from the Venetian Allesio Morrelli in 1667–72.37 his new inlux of glass can also be seen archaeologically, with assemblages such as North Street 1501 from Exeter deposited c. 1680–90, containing increasing numbers of these imports.38 his resurgence in imports was short-lived; Allan notes that by 1691 imports of Flemish drinking glasses into Exeter had virtually stopped39 – not because the demand for high-quality wares had diminished but as a result of the introduction of new styles and centres of production, particularly centred on Bristol and London. Much has been written concerning the development of the new lead crystal in the 1670s,40 but questions concerning its origins and precise chemical composition that seem to dominate current archaeological literature are unlikely to have concerned its contemporary West Country consumers. he new medium allowed a new range of fashions to be developed, and in the absence of a monopoly on glass production, many were quick to exploit the situation. By 1681 a glasshouse had been founded at Topsham, 5km south of Exeter,41 although the nature of its output is unknown, and it may simply have produced bottles. However, as early as the 1670s eleven separate applications were made by glassmakers for admission to the Freedom of the City of Bristol, and one of the earliest operations at Redclif Backs was established in the second half of the 17th century speciically to produce good-quality vessel glass.42 In London production had taken of even more rapidly, and by 1696 John Houghton had noted that there were as many as 24 glasshouses there, although not all may have been in operation at a single time.43 As a consequence, by the start of the 18th century the West Country home was more than adequately supplied with fashionable table glass from both London and Bristol, and had no need to rely on foreign imports. A C k N OW L E D G E M E N T S I would like to thank John Allan for inviting me to contribute to this volume and for his very helpful information on the Exeter probate inventories. I am grateful to the staf of Exeter City Museums, Plymouth City Museums and Art Gallery and Poole Museum for access to their collections. 337 TABLE GLASS IN THE WEST COuNTRY HOME N OT E S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Charleston 1984b. Willmott 2002. Courtney 2004. Harden 1978, 13, pl. vi. Charleston 1984b, 26–7. Beresford 1974, 138–9. Charleston 1983. Charleston 1985. Charleston 1984a, 265–8. Charleston 1984a, 258. Willmott 2007, 766–7. Willmott 2004, 233–4. Allan 1996, 237–8. Courtney 2004. Courtney 2004, 334. Good 1987, 104–6. Barton 1964, 211. Paul Street 1982, Layer 1492. Charleston 1984a, 271–2. Charleston 1984a, 271. Charleston 1992. Charleston 1986. 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 Godfrey 1975, 200–4, de Rocheburne 2004, 146. Liefkes 2004, 228–34. Willmott 2005, 71–95. Haslam 1993. Allan 1984, 263–5. Allan 1984, 263. Allan 1984, 263. Willmott 2005, 101. Willmott 2005, 102. Willmott 2005, 102. Crossley 1987. Willmott 2005, 107. Allan 1984, 264. Willmott 2005, 114. Charleston 1984a, 274–5. Allan 1984, 264. e.g. Francis 2000; Watts 2008a. Watts 2008b. Weeden 1983. Willmott 2005, 120. BIBLIOGRAPHY Allan, J.P. 1984, Medieval and Post-Medieval Finds from Exeter, 1971–1980, Exeter Archaeol. Rep. 3. Allan, J.P. 1996, ‘he excavated glass vessel fragments’, in Brown 1996, 237–8. Barton, k.J. 1964, ‘he excavation of a medieval bastion at St Nicholas’s Almshouses, king Street, Bristol’, Medieval Archaeol. 8: 184–212. Beresford, G. 1974, ‘he medieval manor of Penhallam, Jacobstow, Cornwall’, Medieval Archaeol. 18: 90–139. Brown, S. 1996, ‘Berry Pomeroy Castle’, Proc. Devon Archaeol. Soc. 54: 1–335. Charleston, R.J. 1983, ‘he glass’, in Jarvis 1983, 72–3. Charleston, R.J. 1984a, ‘he glass’, in Allan 1984, 258–78. Charleston, R.J. 1984b, English Glass and the Glass Used in England circa 400–1940, London: Allen & unwin. Charleston, R.J. 1985, ‘he vessel glass’, in Hare 1985, 139–46. Charleston, R.J. 1986, ‘Glass from Plymouth’, in Gaskell Brown 1986, 36–52. Charleston, R.J. 1992, ‘he glass’, in Horsey 1992, 134–44. Courtney, P. 2004, ‘Vessel glass’, in Rodwell & Bell 2004, 331–48. Crossley, D.W. 1987, ‘Sir William Clavell’s glasshouse at kimmeridge, Dorset: the excavations of 1980–81’, Archaeol. J. 144: 355–69. Francis, P. 2000 (February), ‘he development of lead glass’, Apollo 151: 47–53. Gaskell Brown, C. (ed.) 1986, Plymouth Excavations: the Medieval Waterfront, Woolster Street, Castle Street, Plymouth Mus. Archaeol. Ser. 3. Gerrard, C. & Aston, M. 2007, he Shapwick Project, Somerset: A Rural Landscape Explored, Soc. Medieval Archaeol. Monogr. 25. Godfrey, E.S. 1975, he Development of English Glassmaking, 1560–1640, Oxford: Clarendon Press. 338 WEST COuNTRY HOuSEHOLDS, 1500–1700 Good, G.L. 1987, ‘he excavation of two docks at Narrow Quay, Bristol, 1978–9’, Post-Medieval Archaeol. 21: 25–126. Harden, D.B. 1978, ‘Anglo-Saxon and later medieval glass in Britain: some recent developments’, Medieval Archaeol. 22: 1–24. Hare, J.N. 1985, Battle Abbey. he Eastern Range and Excavations of 1978–80, HBMC Archaeol. Rep. 2. Haslam, J. 1993, ‘he glass’, in Margeson 1993, 97–117. Horsey, I. 1992, Excavations in Poole, 1973–1983, Dorset Natur. Hist. Archaeol. Soc. Monogr. 10. Jarvis, k.S. 1983, Excavations in Christchurch 1969–1980, Dorset Natur. Hist. Archaeol. Soc. Monogr. 3. Liefkes, R. 2004, ‘Façon de Venise glass in the Netherlands’, in Page 2004, 226–69. Margeson, S. 1993, Norwich Households. he Medieval and Post-Medieval Finds from Norwich Survey Excavations, 1971–1978, E. Anglian Archaeol. Rep. 58. Page, A.J. (ed.) 2004, Beyond Venice: Glass in Venetian Style, 1500–1750, New York: Corning Museum of Glass. Rahtz, P. & Watts, L. 2004, Wharram: the North Manor Area and North-West Enclosure, Wharram 9, York Archaeol. Pub. de Rochebrune, M.L. 2004, ‘Venetian and Façon de Venise glass in France in the 16th and 17th centuries’, in Page 2004, 142–91. Rodwell, k. & Bell, R. 2004, Acton Court: the Evolution of an Early Tudor Courtier’s House, London: English Heritage. Watts, D.C. 2008a, ‘How George Ravenscroft really did discover English lead crystal glass’, Glass Circle News 114: 2–4. Watts, D.C. 2008b, ‘he Exeter glasshouse’, Glass Circle News 116: 1–2. Weeden, C. 1983, ‘he Bristol glass industry: its rise and decline’, Glass Technol. 24: 241–58. Willmott, H. 2002, Early Post-Medieval Glass in England c. 1500–1670, Counc. Brit. Archaeol. Res. Rep. 132. Willmott, H. 2004, ‘he post-Roman glass’, in Rahtz & Watts 2004, 233–4. Willmott, H. 2005, A History of English Glassmaking, AD 43–1800, Stroud: Tempus. Willmott, H. 2007, ‘Glass’, in Gerrard & Aston 2007, 756–78.

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'The post-Roman Pottery: Online Report,' in Gilchrist, R. and Green, C. (eds), 2015. Glastonbury Abbey: Archaeological Excavations 1904 – 1979. pp. 42-48

Glastonbury Abbey Excavations 1904-1979. The Post-Roman Pottery. Appendix 7: Specialist and Industrial Vessels (Online Report)

Oliver Kent

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Gutiérrez, A. (2015) ‘Spanish and Portuguese wares’, in R. Gilchrist and C. Green (eds), Glastonbury Abbey: archaeological investigations 1904-79, The Society of Antiquaries of London, 272-276 ONLINE REPORT

Alejandra Gutiérrez

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Stem goblets of late- to post-medieval times from archaeological excavations in Dubrovnik, Annales du 20e Congrès de l'AIHV (Association Internationale pour l’Histoire du Verre), Fribourg-Romont 2015, 2017.

Nikolina Topić

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"Murano Glass at National Palace of Ajuda" in ATTI, Classe di Scienze Fisiche, Matematiche E Naturali, Study Days on Venetian Glass, Approximately 1700's, Istituto veneto di Scienze Lettere ed Arti, 173-I, Venezia, 2015

Maria João Botelho Moniz Burnay

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The_Glass_from_the_Gnalic_Wreck_._Unive.pdf

Irena Lazar

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Univerza na Primorskem, Koper. ISBN: 9616328425.

The Glass from the Gnalić Wreck.

2006 •

Hugh B Willmott

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Higgins 1992 - Early C17th Pipes from the Kitto Institute, Plymouth, Devon

David Higgins

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Potions, Powders and Ointments: A Post-Medieval Apothecary or Druggist Assemblage, and the Evolution of Coleman Street

2010 •

Jon Sygrave

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Post-Medieval Archaeology 48 (2) 2014

‘Would I were in an alehouse in London!’: a finds assemblage sealed by the Great Fire from Rood Lane, City of London

2014 •

Nigel Jeffries

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Archaeologia Baltica

The English Merchants' Settlement in Šventoji: an Analysis and Interpretation of the Artefacts, Archaeologia Baltica, vol. 23

2016 •

Miglė Urbonaitė Ubė, Edvinas Ubis

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Jesus College, Cambridge

2011 •

Richard Newman, Dave Webb

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Archaeologia BALTICA

The English Merchants’ Settlement in Šventoji: An Analysis and Interpretation of the Artefacts

2016 •

Miglė Urbonaitė Ubė

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Historical Archaeology 46(4): 8-47

“Their Houses are Ancient and Ordinary”: Archaeology and Connecticut’s Eighteenth- Century Domestic Architecture.

2012 •

Ross K. Harper

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Ceramics & Glass: A tribute to SARAH JENNINGS MPRG Occasional Paper 8 in association with AHG

An ‘early 14th–century’ tin-glazed earthenware jar from Norwich and other Archaic Maiolicas excavated in the British Isles

2019 •

Hugo Blake, Michael Hughes

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Land to the rear of 28 Bridgeland Street and 5 Queen Street

Emily Wapshott

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Proceedings of the Devon Archaeological Society

Higgins 2003 - Clay Tobacco Pipes From Excavations at Dung Quay, Plymouth

2003 •

David Higgins

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'Portuguese coarsewares in early modern England: reflections on an exceptional pottery assemblage from Southampton'

Alejandra Gutiérrez

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Northeast Historical Archaeology

An Annotated Bibliography of Selected Sources on the Archaeology of Old World Dutch Material Culture in the 16th, 17th, and 18th Centuries

paul R huey

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Excavations at Abingdon West Central Redevelopment: Iron Age, Roman, Medieval, and Post-medieval Activity in Abingdon

Ceri Boston

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Glass News 14: pp. 3-5

On the Technological Origins of Glass-Part 1: Evolution from Metallurgical Processes, by Kalliopi Nikita

2003 •

Kalliopi Nikita

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Strand Mews

Emily Wapshott

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The material culture of the modern world

Natascha Mehler, Mary Beaudry

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American Ceramic Circle Journal

Portuguese Coarsewares in North Atlantic Trade (Sixteenth to Eighteenth Centuries)

2019 •

Tânia Manuel Casimiro, Sarah Newstead

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Nonsuch Palace: The Material Culture of a Noble Restoration Household

2005 •

Martin Biddle

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Blažková, G. - Frolík, J. - Žegklitzová, J.: Early Modern archaeological assemblages from Prague Castle and period written and iconographic sources

Gabriela Blažková, Jan Frolík

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Transactions of the Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society

Temple Back: excavating Bristol's industrial history

2011 •

Kirsten Dinwiddy, Catherine Barnett

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Consuming Glass Vessels in medieval and post medieval Hanseatic Towns: the Case of Tallinn (Reval), Estonia

2016 •

Monika Reppo

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REDDAFORD FARM, WILLSWORTHY, PETER TAVY an archaeological and historical survey

Tom Greeves

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Land between Brook Street and Raby Road, Neston, Cheshire A Post-Excavation Assessment Report

2009 •

Jonathan Moller

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Historic England Research Reports Series

Silkstone, South Yorkshire:Summary Report and Assessment of Evidence from Excavations in 2002

2002 •

Tom Cromwell

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Temple Back : excavating Bristol ’ s industrial history by KIRSTEN EGGING DINWIDDY with JOHN CHANDLER Contributions

2016 •

Catherine Barnett

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Gutiérrez, A. (2012) 'Of sundry colours and moulds': imports of early modern pottery along the Atlantic seaboard

2014 •

Alejandra Gutiérrez

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Glasshouse De Twee Rozen (Amsterdam, Netherlands): 17th century glass production in Venetian style

michel hulst

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Transactions of the Devonshire Association

Launceston in its landscape

2019 •

Peter Herring

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Annales du 20e Congrès de l’Association Internationale pour l’Histoire du Verre

16th century Glass Vessels from the Burials of the Ascension Convent in the Moscow Kremlin

2017 •

Ekaterina Stolyarova

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Homemade Magic: Concealed Deposits in Architectural Contexts in the Eastern United States

M. Chris Manning

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Churchtown Farm

Emily Wapshott

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The community centre St David's Hill

Emily Wapshott

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Historical ArchaeologyGlass (Archaeology)Post-medieval glassPost-Medieval ArchaeologyMedieval and Postmedieval GlassArchaeology of Glass